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American transgender daughter (1997–2014)

Leelah Alcorn
Teenage, white, trans girl with dark hair wearing a white dress and posing in front of a mirror, taking a photograph of herself using a camera phone

Alcorn in 2014
Born (1997-11-xv)November 15, 1997

Kings Mills, Ohio, U.Due south.
Died December 28, 2014(2014-12-28) (anile 17)

Warren Canton, Ohio, U.S.
Cause of decease Suicide by vehicular impact

Leelah Alcorn (November fifteen, 1997 – December 28, 2014) was an American transgender girl whose suicide attracted international attention; she had posted a suicide note to her Tumblr blog about societal standards affecting transgender people and expressing the hope that her expiry would create a dialogue about discrimination, abuse, and lack of back up for transgender people.

Born and raised in Kings Mills, Ohio, Alcorn was assigned male at birth and grew upward in a family affiliated with the Churches of Christ movement. At age 14, she came out as transgender to her parents, Carla and Doug Alcorn, who refused to take her female gender identity. When she was sixteen, they denied her asking to undergo transition treatment, instead sending her to Christian-based conversion therapy with the intention of disarming her to decline her gender identity and accept her gender as assigned at birth. After she revealed her allure toward males to her classmates, her parents removed her from schoolhouse and revoked her access to social media. In her suicide annotation, Alcorn cited loneliness and breach as key reasons for her decision to terminate her life and blamed her parents for causing these feelings.

Alcorn used Tumblr'south timer feature to publish her suicide note online several hours after her death, and it soon attracted international attention across mainstream and social media. LGBT rights activists called attending to the incident as evidence of the bug faced by transgender youth, while vigils were held in her retentivity in the United States and United kingdom. Petitions were formed calling for the institution of "Leelah's Law", a ban on conversion therapy in the United States, which received a supportive response from then-president Barack Obama. Within a year, the city of Cincinnati criminalized conversion therapy. Alcorn's parents were severely criticized for misgendering and deadnaming her in comments to the media, while LGBT rights activist Dan Savage blamed them for their child'southward expiry, and social media users harassed them online. They defended their refusal to accept Alcorn'south identity and their utilise of conversion therapy past reference to their Christian behavior.

Life

"When I was 14, I learned what transgender meant and cried of happiness. After ten years of confusion I finally understood who I was. I immediately told my mom, and she reacted extremely negatively, telling me that it was a phase, that I would never truly be a girl, that God doesn't make mistakes, that I am incorrect. If you are reading this, parents, please don't tell this to your kids. Even if you are Christian or are against transgender people don't ever say that to someone, particularly your kid. That won't practice anything but brand them hate them cocky [sic]. That's exactly what information technology did to me."

— Alcorn'due south suicide notation[i]

Leelah Alcorn was born in Kings Mills, Ohio, on November 15, 1997.[two] She described herself as one of several children existence raised in a conservative Christian environment;[3] [4] she and her family attended the Northeast Church of Christ in Cincinnati, and she had been featured in a profile of that church published in a 2011 article in The Christian Chronicle.[5] As of 2014, the family unit lived in Kings Mills.[6] According to her suicide note, Alcorn had felt "similar a girl trapped in a boy's torso" since she was four, and came to place every bit a transgender girl from the age of fourteen, when she became enlightened of the term.[1] She rejected the name she was given past her parents, and signed her suicide note "(Leelah) Josh Alcorn".[ane] [vii] According to her note, she immediately informed her mother, who reacted "extremely negatively" past challenge that information technology was only a phase and that God had made her a male, so she could never be a woman.[1] [7] She stated that this made her hate herself, and that she developed a form of low.[ane]

Alcorn's mother sent her to Christian conversion therapists,[8] [nine] but Alcorn later related that at that place she only encountered "more than Christians" telling her that she was "selfish and wrong" and "should expect to God for aid".[ane] Aged xvi, she requested that she be allowed to undergo transition treatment, merely was denied permission: in her words, "I felt hopeless, that I was only going to look similar a homo in drag for the remainder of my life. On my 16th altogether, when I didn't receive consent from my parents to offset transitioning, I cried myself to sleep."[1] Alcorn publicly revealed her attraction to males when she was sixteen, as she believed that identifying every bit gay at that signal would be a stepping stone to coming out as a transgender at a later date.[10] [11] According to a babyhood friend, Alcorn received a positive reception from many at Kings High School, although her parents were appalled.[xi] In Alcorn's words, "They felt similar I was attacking their image, and that I was an embarrassment to them. They wanted me to exist their perfect piffling direct Christian boy, and that'southward obviously non what I wanted."[1] [x] They removed her from the schoolhouse and enrolled her every bit an eleventh grader at the Ohio Virtual Academy online school.[10]

Co-ordinate to Alcorn, her parents cut her off from the outside world for v months as they denied her access to social media and many forms of communication. She described this equally a meaning contributing gene towards her suicide.[1] At the finish of the school year, they returned her mobile phone to her and allowed her to regain contact with her friends, although by this time, co-ordinate to Alcorn, her human relationship with many of them had become strained, and she continued to feel isolated.[ane] 2 months before her expiry, Alcorn sought out help on Reddit, request users whether the handling perpetrated past her parents constituted kid corruption.[12] [13] There, she revealed that while her parents had never physically assaulted her, "they always talked to me in a very derogatory tone" and "would say things like 'You'll never be a real girl' or 'What're you going to practice, fuck boys?' or 'God'due south going to send y'all straight to hell'. These all made me feel awful about myself, I was Christian at the time so I thought that God hated me and that I didn't deserve to exist alive."[13] Further, she explained, "I tried my absolute hardest to alive upwardly to their standards and exist a straight male, but eventually I realized that I hated religion and my parents."[14] On Reddit, Alcorn also disclosed that she was prescribed increasing dosages of the anti-depressant Prozac.[xiii] In terminal her post, she wrote, "Please help me, I don't know what I should do and I tin't accept much more than of this."[xv] Alcorn's computer was recovered well-nigh the site of her suicide. It contained conversations showing that she had planned to jump off the bridge that crosses Interstate 71 days earlier the incident, but then contacted a crisis hotline and, as told to a friend, "basically cried [her] eyes out for a couple of hours talking to a lady there".[16]

Death

Prior to her expiry on December 28, 2014, Alcorn scheduled for her suicide notation to be automatically posted on her Tumblr account at 5:xxx pm.[ten] In the note, she stated her intention to end her life, commenting:

I have decided I've had enough. I'm never going to transition successfully, even when I move out. I'm never going to be happy with the manner I look or audio. I'm never going to have enough friends to satisfy me. I'thousand never going to have plenty honey to satisfy me. I'g never going to notice a man who loves me. I'grand never going to be happy. Either I alive the rest of my life equally a lonely man who wishes he were a woman or I live my life as a lonelier adult female who hates herself. In that location's no winning. At that place's no way out. I'm sad enough already, I don't need my life to get any worse. People say "information technology gets better" but that isn't true in my case. Information technology gets worse. Each day I get worse. That'due south the gist of it, that's why I feel like killing myself. Sorry if that's non a good enough reason for you, it's proficient plenty for me.[i]

She expressed her wish that all of her possessions and money be donated to a transgender advocacy charity,[1] and called for issues surrounding gender identity to exist taught in schools.[1] [9] The note ended with the statement: "My death needs to mean something. My death needs to be counted in the number of transgender people who commit suicide this year. I desire someone to look at that number and say 'that's fucked upward' and gear up it. Prepare society. Please."[1] [nine] [17] A 2nd postal service appeared before long after; titled "Pitiful", information technology featured an apology to her close friends and siblings for the trauma that her suicide would put them through, simply also contained a bulletin to her parents: "Fuck you. You can't only control other people like that. That's messed up."[1] [18] [19] An boosted, handwritten suicide annotation reading "I've had plenty" was constitute on her bed, but then thrown away by Alcorn's mother after police made a copy.[16]

In the early morning of December 28, law informed news sources that she had been walking along Interstate 71 near Union Township when she was struck past a semi-trailer just before 2:30 am near the Southward Lebanon exit.[twenty] She died at the scene. It is believed that Alcorn walked three to 4 miles (iv.8 to 6.iv km) from her parents' Kings Mills business firm earlier beingness struck.[6] The highway was closed for more than an hour afterward the incident.[10] An investigation was launched past the Ohio State Highway Patrol,[20] while Alcorn'south trunk was transported to the Montgomery County coroner, where an autopsy was scheduled.[x] The truck driver was not physically injured during the collision.[20]

By the morning time of December 31, her suicide note had been reposted on Tumblr 200,000 times.[ix] Writing for The Boston Globe, reporter Maura Johnston described it as a "passionate post".[nine] The suicide note was later deleted after Alcorn'southward parents asked for it to be removed,[21] and the blog was fabricated inaccessible to the public.[22] Co-ordinate to the family minister, the Alcorn family unit decided to concur the funeral privately after receiving threats.[23] Alcorn's body was reportedly cremated.[23] The Ohio Land Patrol completed their investigation into Alcorn's decease on April 30, 2015, officially ruling it a suicide.[xvi]

Reaction

Alcorn'south parents

On December 28 at 2:56 p.one thousand., Alcorn's mother, Carla Wood Alcorn, posted a public message on the social media website Facebook, stating: "My sweetness xvi-year-old son, Joshua Ryan Alcorn, went home to Heaven this morning. He was out for an early on morning walk and was hit by a truck. Cheers for the messages and kindness and concern you have sent our way. Please go on to keep us in your prayers."[10] [11] Carla Alcorn's mail service was subsequently deleted. The Alcorn family unit publicly requested that they be given privacy to grieve in a argument issued by the Kings Local School District. In that statement, staff from Alcorn's erstwhile school, Kings Loftier School, declared that "Joshua Alcorn was a sweet, talented, tender-hearted 17-year-old", calculation that counselors would be fabricated available to students affected by the incident.[x] A moment of silence was held in Alcorn'south retention before a Kings Loftier basketball game on Dec 30.[11]

A 47-year-old white man is standing behing a lectern, looking to the camera's right; he has dark hair, and is wearing a grey t-shirt that says "PENN"

LGBT rights abet Dan Savage (pictured in 2012) chosen for Leelah's parents to confront legal prosecution in the wake of their daughter's death.

Some of Alcorn'south sympathizers publicly criticized the teen's mother, Carla Alcorn, for misgendering and deadnaming her girl in the Facebook post announcing the teenager's death.[24] Some individuals—termed "the Net'southward cocky-appointed vigilantes" in The Washington Postal service—after doxed and harassed Carla via her Facebook account "in revenge" for Leelah'due south death.[25] On Twitter, American gay rights activist Dan Barbarous argued that Alcorn'southward parents should be prosecuted for their office in bringing about their daughter's death, commenting that through their actions they "threw her in front of that truck". He cited the successful prosecution of Dharun Ravi post-obit the suicide of Tyler Clementi equally a legal precedent for such an action.[26] [27] [28] He added that legal action should also be brought against the conversion therapists who had counseled Leelah, and suggested that the Alcorns should lose custody of their other children.[2] [26]

Carla Alcorn responded to such criticism in an interview with CNN, stating "we loved him unconditionally. We loved him no matter what. I loved my son. People demand to know that I loved him. He was a good kid, a good boy."[17] [29] [thirty] Although acknowledging that Leelah had requested transition surgery, Carla stated that she had never heard her kid use the proper noun "Leelah", before reiterating her refusal to accept her kid'south transgender status, calculation "We don't support that, religiously."[17] [29] [30] She expressed business organization that users of social media thought her to be a "horrible person", but defended her deportment in dealing with her child, stating for instance that she had banned internet access to prevent access to "inappropriate" things.[29] In an email to Cincinnati-based channel WCPO-Telly, Leelah's male parent Doug Alcorn wrote, "We dear our son, Joshua, very much and are devastated by his death. Nosotros have no want to enter into a political storm or fence with people who did not know him. We wish to grieve in private. We harbor no sick will towards anyone. ... I simply do non wish our words to be used confronting us."[v]

Writing for Salon, Mary Elizabeth Williams commented that "it would be roughshod and inaccurate to propose that Carla Alcorn did not honey her kid", but added that Carla's statement that she "loved him unconditionally" revealed "a tragic lack of understanding of the word 'unconditionally', even in decease".[31] People magazine quoted Johanna Olson, Medical Managing director for the Center of Trans Youth Wellness and Development at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, as stating that "Did Leelah'due south parents love her? Yes, I'm sure they did. Did they support her? No, they didn't. And that's a tragedy."[28] Mara Keisling, the Executive Managing director of the National Center for Transgender Equality, was quoted every bit stating that the blaming of Alcorn'southward parents was unhelpful, calculation, "Despite the great cultural and policy advances transgender people have made, there is nevertheless a lot of disrespect, bigotry and violence aimed at united states. And existence a kid or a teenager of whatsoever kind today is very difficult."[7]

Tributes, vigils, and activism

A selection of lit candles arranged along a grey stone wall

A memorial placed against a wall following the London acuity, January 2015

The day subsequently Alcorn's suicide note was published online, Chris Seelbach, the first openly gay councilman on Cincinnati City Council, shared it every bit function of a Facebook bulletin in which he stated that her death showed how hard it was to exist transgender in the U.Southward. His mail service was shared over 4,700 times and increased public awareness of the incident.[nine] [x] [11] By December 30, Alcorn'southward expiry had attracted worldwide attending.[10] News outlets across the world had picked up the story, and the hashtag #LeelahAlcorn had topped Twitter.[10] According to British newspaper The Independent, the incident "triggered widespread anguish and raised a contend most the rights of transgender people".[17] The U.South.-based Boston Earth stated that it "served equally a flashpoint for transgender progress in 2014",[nine] while The New Republic referred to it equally having "sparked a national conversation about the plight of transgender kids and the scanty rights and respect our society affords them."[32]

On Jan 1, 2015, the Cincinnati-based LGBT rights group Support Union Equality Ohio hosted a vigil for Alcorn outside Kings High School.[five] [33] A candlelight acuity in Goodale Park, Columbus, was held on January 2 by a grouping called Stand up Up 4 Leelah.[33] A farther vigil was organized by both The Diverse City Youth Chorus in partnership with the Cincinnati chapter of the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Didactics Network at the Clifton Cultural Arts Center for January x.[33] The acuity location at the Clifton Cultural Arts Eye was moved to the Woodward Theater, to brand mode for a larger setting.[34] [35] The event was attended by over 500 people.[36]

A January 3 vigil was scheduled for Trafalgar Square in London; an organizer was quoted as saying that "[Alcorn'south] expiry was a political death. When a fellow member of our community is brutalised at the hands of oppression we must all fight dorsum".[37] Those who spoke at the event included politician Sarah Brown and novelist and poet Roz Kaveney.[38] Marches were carried out in award of Alcorn in both Northwest, Washington, D.C., and Queen Street, Auckland, on Jan ten.[39] [forty] [41] The same twenty-four hour period, a candlelight acuity was held in New York City's Columbus Circumvolve.[42] A memorial protest confronting conversion therapy and in memory of Alcorn took place in Lynchburg, Virginia, on January 24, 2015.[43]

Among the transgender celebrities who publicly responded to the incident were Janet Mock, Andreja Pejić, and Laverne Cox,[44] [45] while the musician Ray Toro released a song, "For the Lost and Brave", in dedication to Alcorn.[46] [47] Joey Soloway, the writer of the television show Transparent, defended their Aureate Earth Accolade for Best Tv set Series to Alcorn.[48] During Diane Sawyer'due south interview with Caitlyn Jenner (then Bruce), which confirmed Jenner'south transgender identity, Alcorn was mentioned past name and the message "Fix society. Delight" was broadcast.[49] In June 2015, the singer Miley Cyrus founded the Happy Hippie Foundation, an organization to raise awareness of homelessness and LGBT issues amongst young people, partly in response to Alcorn's death.[50] To promote the organization, she released a new series of Backyard Sessions videos, the second of which, Dido'southward "No Liberty" was dedicated to Alcorn.[51] Subsequently reading nigh Alcorn's death, British musician Declan McKenna was inspired to write a song, "Paracetamol", which was included on his debut album What Do You Think Near the Car? and discusses the media's representation of LGBT communities.[52] In 2015, the nation-wide non-turn a profit organization Ally Parents, operated by Stand with Trans, was created in response to Leelah's decease.[53]

A white woman with short brown hair

A black woman with long, straightened hair containing blonde highlights

Carolyn Washburn, editor of the Ohio newspaper The Cincinnati Enquirer, stated that the incident "raises of import bug we hope will prompt conversations in families throughout our region".[10] Washburn had also received letters that derided the newspaper's employ of Alcorn's called name in covering her death.[54] When contacted by The Cincinnati Enquirer, Shane Morgan, the founder and chair of transgender abet group TransOhio, stated that while 2014 witnessed gains for the trans rights movement, Alcorn's death illustrated how "trans people are nonetheless being victimized and still beingness disrespected", highlighting the loftier charge per unit of transgender people who had been murdered that year.[10] Since the incident, TransOhio received letters from parents of transgender children describing how Alcorn's expiry had affected them.[29] Morgan stated that while he understood the anger directed toward Alcorn's parents, "in that location'due south no excuse for threats to the family unit."[29]

Allison Woolbert, executive director of the Transgender Human Rights Institute, informed The Independent that Alcorn's instance was "not unique"; the paper highlighted research from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicating that LGBT youth are nearly twice every bit likely to endeavor suicide than heterosexual, cisgender teenagers.[2] Newsweek similarly placed Alcorn'south suicide within its wider context of transphobic discrimination, highlighting that the Youth Suicide Prevention Plan reports that over 50 percent of transgender youths attempt suicide before the age of twenty, and that the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs recently published a study indicating that 72 percentage of LGBT homicide victims in 2013 were transgender women.[45] Kevin Jennings of the Arcus Foundation also situated Alcorn's decease inside wider problems facing young LGBT people. In his view, she became "an international symbol of the ongoing challenges faced by LGBT youth", adding that her death "reminds us of a basic lesson yet being taught to young people beyond America: When it comes to gender identity, information technology's best to exist cisgender; and when it comes to sexual orientation, it's best to be straight."[55]

Under the Twitter hashtag #RealLiveTransAdult, many transgender people posted encouraging tweets for their younger counterparts,[56] while other hashtags, such as #ProtectTransKids, and the term "Residuum in Power", also circulated on Twitter.[57] [58] [59] A modify.org petition was prepare calling for Leelah'southward chosen proper noun to be included on her gravestone,[24] which gained over 80,000 signatures.[35] On January 6, Adam Hoover of Spousal relationship Equality Ohio remarked that, since the request of having Alcorn's chosen name on her gravestone seemed "like a slim possibility", they would be raising money for a permanent memorial arranged equally a bench, tree and commemorative plaque.[35]

Under Ohio'southward Prefer-a-Highway programme, a group adopted the interchange of Interstate 71 South and Ohio Land Route 48—which was where Alcorn died—and defended it to her memory. Every bit a result, the Ohio Department of Transportation erected signs stating "In Memory of Leelah Alcorn" along the road.[threescore] Members of the grouping affixed a wreath to one of these signs; group fellow member Lisa Oravec informed press that "We don't desire Leelah to be forgotten... We want people in Cincinnati, or anybody driving down 71 to come across the wreath. Run across the highway. If they don't know who Leelah is they'll google information technology, educate it, and learn from what happened."[61] Equally of December 2018, the "Leelah Alcorn Highway Memorial" group continued to meet 4 times a twelvemonth to clean that stretch of route.[61] The highway memorial formed the basis of a short documentary, Leelah'due south Highway, which was screened at the 2018 Cindependent Picture Festival in Cincinnati'south Woodward Theater.[62] Its creator, Elizabeth Littlejohn of Toronto, stated that "equally a homo rights activist who believes [in] the right for gender self-determination, I believe this story needed to be told."[63]

Leelah's Police

A Facebook group called "Justice for Leelah Alcorn" was established,[64] while a petition calling for "Leelah'due south Law", a ban on conversion therapy in the United States, was created past the Transgender Human Rights Found to raise awareness of the psychologically harmful furnishings of such practices; by January 24 it had 330,009 signatures,[65] [66] [67] and was named the fastest growing change.org petition of 2014.[68] A second entreatment enervating the enactment of "Leelah's Law" was posted to the We the People section of WhiteHouse.gov on January three, 2015, which garnered more than 100,000 signatures as of January 30.[69] In response to the petition, in April 2015 President Barack Obama called for the banning of conversion therapy for minors.[seventy] [71] [72]

In December 2015, Cincinnati became the second U.South. city after Washington, D.C., to ban the practice of conversion therapy outright; council fellow member Chris Seelbach cited Alcorn's suicide as an influence in the decision and stated that "she challenged us to make her expiry matter, and we're doing just that".[73] By October 2018, 4 cities across Ohio had banned conversion therapy, leading announcer Nico Lang to comment that "the Buckeye State has become an unlikely leader in banning conversion therapy at the local level."[74]

Encounter as well

  • Listing of LGBT-related suicides
  • List of people from Ohio
  • List of transgender people
  • Blake Brockington

References

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External links

  • Archive of Alcorn'southward Tumblr web log
  • PDF of the Ohio Freeway Patrol investigatory grade
  • "A Daughter Who Looked Like A Boy", poet Athol Williams reading the poem he wrote in retention of Leelah Alcorn

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